Recipes for concrete that incorporate by-products from the coal and steel industries, like fly ash and slag, could reduce road salt-related cracking. Christopher Intagliata reports. 

新的混凝土配方中混合有煤炭钢铁产业的副产品，比如飞尘和炉渣。该配方可以减少盐分导致的道路开裂。克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔报道。 

撰文/播音：克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔（Christopher Intagliata） 

翻译：郭鑫鹏 

审校：杨枭 

There’s a stretch of highway in Pennsylvania, along U.S. 422. “And like every probably 20 feet you see a big pothole or cracking at the joint. Like everywhere. It was so bad.” Yaghoob Farnam is a construction materials engineer at Drexel University in Philly. And this road is pretty much his worst nightmare. “Yeah and just imagine I was driving like 60 miles per hour, I could see, I could feel it, I was driving, I was so mad, like, ‘what is going on with this?’” 

沿着U.S. （美国）422公路，在宾夕法尼亚州的一段高速公路上， “可能每20英尺你就能看到一个大坑洞或道路结合处的裂缝。这些到处都是，非常糟糕。” 雅各·法纳姆（Yaghoob Farnam）是费城德雷克塞尔大学的建筑材料工程师。这条路是他最可怕的噩梦。“是的，我只要想象我以60英里每小时的速度开着车，我便能看见这条路，能感受到它，我在驾驶中，我很生气，想说‘这到底是个什么情况？’” 

The culprit, he says, may be calcium chloride road salt, used to de-ice highways in the winter. Because calcium chloride reacts with a compound in concrete called calcium hydroxide to form something called calcium oxychloride.” It’s a huge molecule that causes a lot of pressure inside concrete. And starts degradation of concrete.” 

他说，罪魁祸首可能是氯化钙路盐，它用于去除冬季高速公路上的冰。因为氯化钙与混凝土中一种叫做氢化钙的化合物反应生成次氯酸钙（漂白粉的主要成分）。“它是一个增加混凝土内部压力的大分子，因而会破坏混凝土。” 

The solution? Novel blends of concrete that use cheap leftover materials from the coal and steel industries: fly ash, silica fume and slag. In his latest work, Farnam and his team created plugs of these experimental concretes, and submerged them in salty solutions-along with plugs of conventional concrete. Then they eavesdropped on any cracking with high-sensitivity acoustic sensors. And they tracked heat flow through the material, to monitor chemical reactions. 

那么解决办法是什么呢？新型混凝土使用煤炭和钢铁产业廉价[MY1] 的剩余物：飞尘、硅粉和炉渣。在他最新的工作中，法纳姆和他的团队制作了这些实验混凝土塞，并把它们和普通混凝土塞一并浸入盐溶液中。然后他们使用高灵敏度声传感器来检测裂缝。之后他们通过追踪材料的热流来监测其中的化学反应。 

The results: concrete slugs made with ingredients like fly ash and slag held up remarkably well after more than a month. Whereas normal concrete was cracked to pieces in just a week. Their recipes are in the journal Cement and Concrete Composites. [Yaghoob Farnam et al., Evaluating the use of supplementary cementitious materials to mitigate damage in cementitious materials exposed to calcium chloride deicing salt] 

结果表明：含有飞尘和炉渣成分的混凝土塞一个多月后也保持得相当好。然而普通混凝土仅仅一周就开裂成碎片了。它们的制作方法发表在期刊《水泥和混凝土复合材料》上。 

Farnam says some states have actually started using this sort of concrete-because it’s already known to make the material more durable against other factors, like corrosion of internal steel reinforcement. As for those cracks on U.S. 422, and elsewhere? Farnam has another project in the works-to apply a bacterial slurry, which forms limestone when it interacts with salt, plugging up the gaps. But he says that work is still a ways…down the road. 

法纳姆说一些州已经开始使用这类混凝土，因为我们已经知道这样的材料在对抗其他一些因素，像是内在钢加固时更持久。至于U.S. 422公路和其他地方上的裂缝？法纳姆有另一个正在进行的项目，他们使用一种细菌悬浮液，而这种细菌悬浮液能够与盐反应产生石灰岩，填补这些沟壑。但是，他说这项工作还需要很长时间。 

-Christopher Intagliata